Hannin

Governmental and Nonprofit Accounting Nicole Tanner March 2, 2012 1-2. Five environmental differences between governments and for-profit business enterprises. 1. Organizational purposes – Commercial is to generate profit for its owners and government is for the well being of citizens. 2. Sources of Revenue – Business generate its income from sales. Government derives its income from taxes. 3. Potential for Longevity – Government rarely go out of business and Business longevity is determine by the need and success. 4.Relationship with Stakeholders – The government must show accountability for public funds and a business can use its resources as it deems appropriate. 5. Role of the Budget – Commercial it’s used for planning and control purposes, for government budgets carry the authority of law, preventing 1-3. Identify and briefly describe the three organizations that set standards for state and local governments, the federal government, and n ongovernmental not-for-profit organizations. 1. GASB set the accounting and financial reporting standards for state and local government in the US.GASB also set accounting and financial reporting standards for governmentally related not for profit organizations. 2. FASB set standards for profit seeking business and for nongovernmental not for profit organizations. 3. FASAB set the accounting and financial for the federal government. 1-4. What is the definition of a government as agreed upon by the FASB and GASB? Public corporations and bodies corporate and politic are governmental organizations. Other organizations are governmental organizations if they have one or more of the following characteristics. . Popular election of officers or appointment (or approval) of a controlling majority of the members of the organization’s governing body by officials of one or more state or local governments. 2. The potential for unilateral dissolution by a government with the net assets rev erting to a government. 3. The power to enact and enforce a tax levy. 1-5. Describe the â€Å"hierarchy of GAAP† for state and local governments, the federal government, and nongovernmental not-for-profit organizations. (See Illustration 1-2 come back to this) 1-8.GASB considers budgetary accounting and reporting to be important. List the principles outlined by GASB related to budgetary accounting and reporting. 1. An annual budget(s) should be adopted by every governmental unit. 2. The accounting system should provide the basis for appropriate budgetary control. 3. Comparisons should be included in the appropriate financial statements and schedules for governmental funds for which an annual budget has been adopted. 2-2. With regard to GASB rules for the financial reporting entity, answer the following: 1. Define the financial reporting entity.It is the primary government together with its component units. 2. Define and give an example of a primary government. Can be a state government, a general-purpose local government such as a city or county, or a special purpose government such as a school district. 3. Define and give an example of a component unit. Are legally separate organizations for which the elected officials of the primary government are financially accountable. 4. Define and describe the two methods of reporting the primary government and component units in the financial reporting entity. a.Primary Government -either appoints a voting majority of the governing body of the other organization or members of the primary government's governing body hold a majority of the seats of the other organization's board. Second, the relationship meets one of the following two criteria: a. The other organization provides either a financial burden or benefit to the primary government. b. The primary government can impose its will on the other organization. b. Component units – are legally separate organizations for which the elected officials of the primary government are financially accountable.In addition, a component unit can be an organization for which the nature and significance of its relationship with a primary government are such that exclusion would cause the reporting entity's financial statements to be misleading or incomplete. 2-3. With regard to the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR): 1. What are the three major sections? Introductory, Financial, and Statistical. 2. List the government-wide statements. Indicate the measurement focus and basis of accounting used for the government-wide statements. Basic Financial Statements Proprietary Funds Statements: Statement of Cash Flows.Governments use the accrual basis and the modified accrual basis of accounting. 3. List the governmental fund statements. i. General fund. This fund is used to account for general operations and activities not requiring the use of other funds. ii. Special revenue funds are required to account for the use of revenue earmarked by law for a particular purpose. State and federal fuel tax revenues require special revenue funds, because federal and state laws restrict these taxes to transportation uses. iii. Capital projects funds are used to account for the construction or acquisition of fixed assets[9], such as buildings, equipment and roads.Depending on its use, a fixed asset may instead be financed by a special revenue fund or a proprietary fund. iv. Debt service funds are used to account for money that will be used to pay the interest and principal of long-term debts. Bonds used by a government to finance major construction projects, to be paid by tax levies over a period of years, require a debt service fund to account for their repayment. v. Special assessment funds account for public infrastructure improvements financed by special levies against property holders. Sidewalk and alley repairs often rely on special assessments. 4.Indicate the measurement focus and basis of accounting used for the governmental fu nd statements. It usually rely on a modified accrual basis. 5. List the proprietary fund statements. vi. Internal service funds are used for operations serving other funds or departments within a government on a cost-reimbursement basis. A printing shop, which takes orders for booklets and forms from other offices and is reimbursed for the cost of each order, would be a suitable application for an internal service fund. vii. Enterprise funds are used for services provided to the public on a user charge basis, similar to the operation of a commercial enterprise.Water and sewage utilities are common examples of government enterprises. 5. Indicate the measurement focus and basis of accounting used for the proprietary fund statements. i. Proprietary funds, used for business-like activities, usually operate on an accrual basis. Governmental accountants sometimes refer to the accrual basis as â€Å"full accrual† to distinguish it from modified accrual basis accounting. 6. List the fiduciary fund statements. Statement of Changes in Fiduciary Net Assets and Statement of Changes in Fiduciary Net Assets. 7.Describe the measurement focus and basis of accounting used for the fiduciary fund statements. The accounting basis applied to fiduciary funds depends upon the needs of a specific fund. If the trust involves a business-like operation, accrual basis accounting would be appropriate to show the fund's profitability. Accrual basis is also appropriate for trust funds using interest and dividends from invested principle amounts to pay for supported programs, because the profitability of those investments would be important. 8. Outline the reports and schedules to be reported as required supplementary information.Come Back To 2-4. Describe the test for determining whether a governmental fund is a major fund. The General Fund is always considered a major fund. Other governmental funds are considered major when both of the following conditions exist: (a) total assets, l iabilities, revenues, or expenditures of that individual governmental fund constitute 10 percent of the total for the governmental funds category, and (b) total assets, liabilities, revenues, or expenditures of that individual governmental or enterprise fund are 5 percent of the total of the governmental and enterprise categories, combined. 2-10. Not sure

A Written Assessment for work in the nursing profession Essay

Question 1: Explain the ‘health’ and ‘wellness’. Health is the ability of an individual to function well physically, mentally, socially, and spiritually to be able to demonstrate the full range of one’s â€Å"unique potentialities within the environment in which one is living† (Farlex, 2013). Our Health can be affected by the way we deal with our social, physical and psychological issues in life. Shelter, food, education, social security, health and social services, income and employment are one of the factors that leads to the condition of our health. Wellness is â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity† (WHO, 1974). Wellness goes beyond the absence of symptoms and works toward achieving maximum potential and prevention of health problems. We tend to think that a person who shows no sign of illness is healthy. Positive thinking helps gives us answers, control and the way out of illness and problems whereas if we think negative it strips us of power and control. To achieve a good health we must involve ourselves to exercise, proper nutritional food, good sleep and healthy lifestyle. Question 2: Health Models can provide nurses with a framework to help guide the focus of their nursing care. Describe two of these models and how they can influence a person’s health. One of the health models is the Holistic Health Model. Holistic health is defined as a â€Å"wellness approach that addresses the body, mind and spirit or the physical, emotional/mental and spiritual aspects of an individual† (Perkins, 2007). By spiritual means the essence of who you are. Holistic health is how our physical state, mental state and experience in life responds to the status of our health. Nurses can help and encourage patients to engage in the healing process and practice a variety of self-care strategies to better their health and wellness. Another one of the health models is The Illness-wellness continuum, which is a guide to help understand the degree of illness and wellness of an individual in terms of their health. â€Å"Illness is characterised by  responsibility and purposeful actions to maintain high levels of health† (Central Institute of Technology, (n.d.), p. 64). This model will help guide the nurses in identifying the client’s level of illness and what methods of help and care they can give to the client to improve their health and wellness. Question 3: There are a number of factors, which have an influence on our health. Please identify four factors and explain how they can influence a person’s health. Some factors that influence our health are as follows: Employment/Income – Gives people the opportunity to earn money and enjoy it by spending for their needs and what they want. Our income will help us provide for our families proper nutrition, and safe shelter. Having a job will help pay our bills, medication, health insurance and other necessities. Physical Environment – Having to have clean air, water and surroundings will have a lesser impact to our health. Exposure to heavy metals, chemicals, and other environmental toxins and pathogens can affect our health as these can be harmful to our body. Having a healthy and safe working environment helps to reduce any injury or harm. Aside from these, having a safe house, communities and surroundings will help us achieve good health Nutrition – Proper nutrition, healthy food to eat has a big impact on our health. If we eat unhealthy, fatty foods it will not only make us over weight but can be a cause of serious illness in our body. By eating plenty of fresh, green vegetables and having a balanced diet gives our body the nutrients we need to have a healthy life. Lifestyle – Lifestyle defines how we live. Being involved in sports, exercise regularly, eating healthy, having the right weight are all part of healthy lifestyle but if we involve ourselves to bad habits like smoking, alcohol and drugs then we wouldn’t achieve that good health that our body need. Question 4: People from other countries will face heath and illness issues than those we face in Australia. Choose a country other than Australia and identify two unique or different health/illness issues they face. Philippines faces a lot of health issues and one of them is tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a â€Å"potentially contagious disease that can affect almost any part of the body but is mainly an infection of the lungsâ⠂¬  (Tuberculosis, 2014) It is a communicable disease which can be transferred from one person to another via air when they sneeze, cough or spit. Symptoms include coughing for more than two weeks, weight loss, cough with blood, chest pain and fever. About 10-15 people anually are infected with this disease by a tuberculosis patient. Normally, this disease infect adults but it can also be acquired by children. It is curable and preventable as well. There was an estimated 260,000 people infected with tuberculosis in 2011 according to the WHO in the Philippines and 28,000 of them die per year. The prevalence rate is high with elders, urban porr, smokers, people with HIV, and those who suffer from malnutrition. Another health issues that the Philippines faces is Malaria. According to the World Health Organization, over 12 million people in that country are at risk of death caused by malaria. Most of the cases occur in mountainous and forested areas that are infested with Plasmodium and other species. The virus can be transferred by the species by puncturing the human skin where the virus flow on the blood stream, spreading in the whole body. In an hour, malaria can kill a person if they are not aware that they have been bitten. The World Health Organization together with Department of Health came up with different programs which talked about treatments and awareness about malaria. Question 5:  a) What are some of the different health issues facing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people here in Australia? Please describe at least 3 and include in your answer some of their health beliefs and practices that may have an influence on their health. One of the most common health issues faced by Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders is ear disease/hearing loss, one in eight persons have a case of ear disease or hearing problems. Heart and circulatory disease is also one of them. The indigenous people had  the higher rate of heart and circulatory disease compared to non-indigenous people who live in Australia. The last most common health issues faced by Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander is Asthma. One in every six persons have asthma according to the survey done by Australian Bureau of Statistics. There was as much cases of indigenous people who live in non-remote area who has asthma. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people greatly believe in traditional medicine and this highly influences their health. One aboriginal elder and medicine woman, Anna Warren, said that the core of the traditional aboriginal medicine is the â€Å"spirit†. She said that if the body is well, then the spirit will be well too. She added that it requires deep listening to be able to connect with the spirit. For these indigenous people, they feel that western medicine is alienating and makes them uncomfortable to the point where they would avoid seeking treatment. Aside from this, many indigenous people do not trust the health care system due to their negative previous experiences (i.e. racism and mistreatment) while they were given services. b) How should this influence how health care is delivered to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. Based on the website made by Creative Spirits, in order to make great improvements possible and to make the indigenous people feel more comfortable and for the health care system to regain the indigenous people’s trust, the following should be considered: Employ indigenous staff – more indigenous patients will be at ease seeking help or treatment when they know that more indigenous staff work in the health sector. Create an aboriginal-friendly feel – hospitals, clinics and other health care related pplaces should incorporate indigenous art works because this help them feel relaxed and connected with the place. The indigenous people will have the sense of belongingness and pride when they see their artwork  displayed. Verify informed consent – this is a process which should be stricty followed if an indigenous patient will undergo any medical procedure which involves the right person within the network of kinship and community relationships. Help Aboriginal patients understand their disease – providing visuals, using clear and simple language, much better if native language is used will help the indigenous people understand what causes their condition. Have culturally aware staff – Aboriginal culture training should be taught to the staff in order to give them better understanding and for them to offer respect to the indigenous people. Offer low price treatments – medical treatments should be made affordable for the indigenous people as most of them have little or no income at all. Question 6: Nursing as a profession has had many changes over the time. Compare nursing as a profession in 2014 to 1960 in the areas of education and professional appearance. During 1960 when it comes to professional appearance nurses use to wear white dresses, stockings and starched caps. It was during this decade that uniform also take a turn in the direction of more fashionable than in the past. Today’s nursing uniform was designed more for functions than form but are considered much more comfortable than those worn throughout the history. In 1985 – 1997 a two year training to become a general nurse was introduced and over the time hospital based training was also introduced and continued until 1980’s. The tertiary sector then took over all the RN education and degree level in 1990’s. The Enrolled Nursing education in WA was located in TAFE colleges, Mt Lawley in 1989. The development of post graduate nursing studies in Australia is still ongoing. As a profession today Nurses role has taking on more technologically challenging roles than at any other point of history. Some nurses are taking over roles that were once reserve for physician. Nurses are becoming more specialized than in days past, there are specialties like OR (operating Room), Medical Surgical Nurse, Pediatric Nurses, Labor and Delivery nurse  and even Psychiatric nurse. Continuing education and clinical experience go along way today to ensure that nurses are on top of their games. Question 7: There are occupational health and safety issues that nurses should take into consideration when carrying out their nursing practice. Please explain what is meant by a) Infection Control – it means following procedures, standard and additional precautions to prevent the risk of infections from spreading. Nurses play a vital role in controlling the risk of potential spread of infection in their workplace and must always remember that patients and the health care providers alike are vulnerable to easily acquire any disease. Nurses must always think and apply the following practises: -hand hygiene -using personal protective equipment -safe handling and disposal of sharps -decontaminating equipment -achieving and maintaining clean clinical environment b) Manual Handling – is a procedure that involves physical movement of our body by way of lifting, pulling, pushing, carrying, holding or restraining of a person or individual. It involves repetitive actions and sometimes use of equipment can be involved. Nurses should follow the standards of manual handling to prevent injury, illness, pain and suffering of individuals in the workplace and to have a safe workplace. Question 8: What are some of the professional development strategies you can use to maintain your skills and knowledge when you are qualified nurse? Performance review appraisal – which can be done by your manager’s review of your performance or you review the performance of your peers. Self-assessment – this will help you find out how you can further improve or develop your skills, attitudes and capabilities. Continuing education – by learning new skills, learning how to use new equipment or simply updating your knowledge and skills will help in gaining more knowledge and skills. Question 9: Please explain the role of the Nursing and Midwifery Board; Australian Health Practitioners Regulation Agency and Industrial Organisations in nursing profession. Nursing and Midwifery Board Australia has a broad function and one of them is registering suitably qualified and competent person as nurses, midwives and students. They are the ones that develop and approve the standards codes and guidelines for nursing and midwifery professions. They also are the ones that assess the knowledge and skills of overseas applicants for registration and determining suitability for registration in Australia. Nurses and midwives must be registered in Nurses and Midwifery Board of Australia and meet the boards registration standards to be able to practice in Australia. AHPRA’S role is to protect the public’s safety. They publishes national registers of practitioner so important information about the registration of individual health practitioner is available. They are the ones that manage the registration and renewal processes for health practitioners and students around Australia. They also provide advice to the Ministerial Council about the administration of the National Registration and accreditation scheme. The development of registration standards, guidelines and codes are maintained and supported by them. The ANF (Australian Nursing Federation) is one of the largest industrial organisations and the national union for nurses in Australia. They help with the progress and development of policy relating to: â€Å"Nursing and midwifery practice, professionalism, regulation, education, training, workforce, and socio- economic welfare, health and aged care, community services, veteran’s affairs, occupational health and safety, industrial relations, social justice, human rights, immigration, foreign affairs and law reform† (ANF, 2011, p. 2). The Autralian Nursing Federation’s function is the industrial and professional representation of nurses through activities of a national office and branches in every state and territories. Question 10: How does the Scope of Practice Decision Making Framework influence your nursing practice. This will help us to determine and understand if we are capable enough to perform a given task. If the nurse have been given a task and is not confident or unsure of how to achieve it, the chart will help guide you as to what step you should take instead. We  must understand carefully each steps to provide the best appropriate care for our patient and to help us achieve a safe proficient nursing care. Question 11: There are three levels of care provided in different health care environments in the Australian health care system. Please explain what those three levels are and where we can expect to find each level of care. Primary Health Care – is the first point of health care and is part of Australian health system used most. Given to people living in their own community outside of hospitals. Its major task is the early detection and prevention of disease and the maintenance of health. Secondary Health Care – looks at the general services provided by a hospital. A hospital stay for a brief but serious illness and mostly concerned with the provision of specific technical, therapeutic or diagnostic health care services. They usually focus on a specific health problem and can provide services by medical specialists e.g. cardiologist. Tertiary Health Care – Highly specialised and technical care provided in hospital to diagnose and treat disease. Individuals who has complex health problems, and require treatment from doctors and nurses with advance level skills. Entry into the health care system at this level is gained by referral from either the primary or secondary level. Question 12: a) What is the philosophy for Primary Health Care? Primary Health Care’s main goal is to give provide better health for people. â€Å"The philosophy behind primary health care is based upon†: (Gallagher, 2014, p. 8) A holistic understanding of health as wellbeing rather than absence of disease (Gallagher, 2014, p. 8) Recognition of the multiple determinants of health including gender, housing, education, transport, planning, communication, social and other services (Gallagher, 2014, p. 8). Community input into health services which will be reflected by involvement of communities and individuals at all levels of planning and provision of services (Gallagher, 2014, p. 8). Equity in health care and prioritisation  of services to the most needy (Gallagher, 2014, p. 8). Accessible, acceptable and affordable services and technology (Gallagher, 2014, p. 8). Eliminating causes of ill health through health promotion and disease prevention (Gallagher, 2014, p. 8). Recognition that primary health care must be based upon social, biomedical and health services research in order to provide effective health care (Gallagher, 2014, p. 8). b) Explain the difference between health promotion and illness prevention Health promotion means encouraging and supporting the person or yourself to improve your health and wellbeing. Illness prevention is the way to promote good health and reduce the risk of illness to individuals and their family members through knowledge, education and healthy lifestyle. c) Describe some of the factors you would consider if you were to design a health promotion campaign. In designing a promotion campaign I would think of the design of the campaign, presentation of it, which audience to present it to, contents of the message and how to advertise it. I would also include these following in promoting my health campaign: – promote the involvement of every individuals in physical activities and sports – provide education towards healthy lifestyle and harmful effects of drug and alcohol – to encourage everyone of eating healthy nutritious food – promote the importance of having 8 hours of sleep Health care promotion can help improve a healthy living and helps a person to build up strengths that will keep up and develop his or her good health and boost their quality of life. d) What is your role as a nurse in the area of health promotion? Nurses are expected to be aware and acknowledge the health issues and factors that affects health condition. Nurses contributes to the promotion of their clients health and social wellbeing by; Promoting health and self-care, participating in providing health promotion interventions, being aware of the key health and social factors to be considered when carrying out an assessment of individual needs, being aware of the contributions of other professionals to assessment and intervention. Question 13: How has the focus of the provision of health care changed over the last 20 years. There had been a lot of changes for the past 20 years in the health care here in Australia. Since 1984, there had been major changes in medicare which provides access to affordable high quality care and it is available to all Australian citizens and permanent residents. Medicare is also seen as â€Å"providing universal access to a set rebate, being well suited ti episodic careof ill-health; and enabling patient choice of health provider† (Department of Health and Ageing, 2009). -In 1999-2000 The EPC (Enhance Primary Care) MBS was introduced to provide quality health care for elderly Australians, patients with chronic conditions and with multi-disciplinary care needs. -â€Å"In 2004 MBS items were introduced for a limited range of services provided by practice nurses when acting for, and on behalf of, a GP† (Australian Government, 2009). -In 2004 bulk billing incentive items were introduced to concession card holders and children aged under 16 -Chronic disease management was introduced in 2005. Changes in general practise funding for indigenous people were also introduced. Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs) provides an important role to the delivery of primary health care to the Indigenous people. â€Å"In addition, the 2009-10 Budget announced that, from January 2010, a new Rural Primary Health Services Program (RPHS) would be established to consolidate a range of existing programs and introduce greater flexibility into primary health care service provision in rural and remote communities† (Australian Government, 2009). Through the years the government have developed the National Age care programs which includes residential health care and community care services for elderly that funded by the Commonwealth, State and Territory Governments. Community age care support is available through; ‘Home and community care’ which address low care needs, ‘community aged care packages’ available for mid-level care needs, and ‘extended aged care at home’ and ‘dementia specific’ supported with high care needs. In 2002 the Department of Health and Aging was established. The Government put up programs to help multicultural Australians to provide help when accessing the health care and they did it in the form of pamphlets with different languages, telephone interpreter service and culture specific health services. â€Å"Australian government  implemented some innovative solutions to health issues arising out of Australia’s unique history needs† (Cent ral Institute of Technology, 2014, p. 23). Australians â€Å"have access to heavily subsidised medicines, pharmaceuticals and technologies prescribed by medical officers† (Koutoukidis, Stainton & Hughson, 2010, p.67). Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) provides timely, reliable and affordable access to necessary medicines for Australians. The PBS is part of the Australian Government’s broader National Medicines Policy. The rates of hospital utilisation have increased because of the impact of the new technology and hospital organisation in reducing length of stay. Our government has increased their funding to expand the provision of sub-acute services. Our present and our future primary health care system is more accessible, clinically and culturally appropriate now. It’s more focus on preventive care including support of healthy lifestyle more safe, high quality care which is continually improving through relevant researched innovation and rise of health care promotion.

Business and Economics (Matewan)

Matewan is a story which focuses around the violent labor disputes which occurred in the West Virginia coal fields in 1920. During these days, there was no benefits and job security for workers as the Stone Mountain Coal Company displays. Due to the efforts by the workers of the coal fields to form a union, the Stone Mountain Coal Company publicized to their workers that those who were in unions were to be replaced and pay cuts would be rationed out. Outrage ensued between the workers and the new African American workers that were being brought in.However, Joe Kenehan, who worked for the United Mine Workers, decided that if the replacement workers joined the union, the company had to accept it as they wouldn’t have workers. In order to stop the idea of a labor union, the coal company sent C. E. Lively to investigate the workers undercover. Lively then brings in two armed agents from the Baldwin-Felt Detective Agency handle the work he cannot as he is undercover. This entire si tuation escalates into a violent shootout and reinforcement agents from Baldwin-Felts came to evict workers who were part of a labor union.A total of nine people were killed during the shootout where workers just wanted to have basic rights. Apparent ethical issues are portrayed throughout the movie. In today’s society, labor unions are prominent and respected. Undercover agents are not being sent in order to destroy the unions which are protecting rights of workers. Corporations back in 1920 did not want to deal with the cost of fair pay and protecting their workers. Until OSHA was enacted, most companies sought to find the cheapest form of labor.Also, the event of a shootout due to workers wanting their jobs to be secure is unexplainable. Money and power corrupts the minds of humans and fallouts such as the one which occurred in West Virginia between coal field workers and the Stone Mountain Coal Company. As stated in lecture nine, America is a materialistic country. Most o f the citizens overlook the value in everyday things others may long for their entire lives but attain it. The advancement of technology, and the accessibility of nearly any luxuries, has caused degeneration in the virtues of American’s minds.Overlooking the necessities to sustain a basic life, the people of the nation look towards the excess. One can easily live without the newest tablet device, yet they shall still buy it. The worst part of that is how that same person with the tablet may also be getting their ends meet by using food stamps. Americans have embedded their mindsets in the goal of obtaining materialistic items to keep themselves content, all the while forgetting the values humans have been contempt with for centuries.

Unit 6 Proposal Designs Assignment Research Paper

Unit 6 Proposal Designs Assignment - Research Paper Example Most of the people live a sedimentary lifestyle and lack of physical fitness programs in the area worseness the situation even more. The organization intends to serve the entire community without excluding anyone both men and women and children and elderly (Zlowodzki, JÃ ¶nsson, Kregor, & Bhandari, 2007). The fact that the majority of people are middle income earns with only a few wealthy, and the rest are low income earns explains the reason as to why they are facing the problem listed above. Most people live in a sedimentary lifestyle especially the elderly. No emphasize has been attached to health and fitness among the residents. The issues of obesity and other health related problems like high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes issues that people are facing is attributed to lack of physical fitness programs in the area. Limited resources and poor access to care and services aggravate the situation. Lack of stable sources of income due to the high unemployment rate among the residents is also an attribute. The provision of a physical fitness program will help solve the problems encountered accountability (Karsh & Fox, 2009). Obesity and overweight concerns affect the way of life of the people. Most of the elderly people in the area suffer obesity related problems like hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. They spend much of their income seeking health care, which majority cannot afford. The teenagers who are suffering from overweight related issues face a lot of stigmas in a social gathering and at school. Many people taunt and poke obese people to make fun of them. They cannot perform a similar task as other people can. This causes mental and emotional problems to the children and result to poor performance especially in school. Obesity is associated with an unproductive life creating a lot of fear and anxiety to the victims. The psychological trauma that the people face makes them live with a lot of fear and

Human Services and its Concern with Human Care Article

Human Services and its Concern with Human Care - Article Example Necessarily this approaches yield the basis for the four-category model theory in order to categorize the human service organizations. The uniqueness of this model lies in the fact that it makes a high contribution to the societal wellbeing that is based on the conjunction of the needs and the recipients. Also only three of the four approaches can make the definition of human services. These approaches, the differentiated approaches, the universal basic, the universal optimal approaches to define the human services and their needs and the characteristics prove their efficacy. In the changing context of a Post modern era, as the concepts of basic have been interpreted from different points of view, the two basic welfare approaches have to define the grounds basic human needs. Necessarily these approaches result into the concepts of â€Å"quality of life†, â€Å"human rights†, â€Å"social welfare†. But at the same time the universal optimal approaches are to prepa re congenial criteria for the concept of human services. These approaches are outlined in such a way that they are ordained to include all of the services that are offered in a modern state. One of the weak points of these approaches is that they often ignore the concept of Human services as social services that are designed to meet human needs. The concept of care is often confronted with the policies that are directly or indirectly related to the cultural factors and issues regarding age, sex and gender. Also these issues are related to the structure of the various institutions of human society. These factors issues of culture and society are interrelated with each other in such a way that any adverse effect on one of them affects others in a difficult way.

Entrepreneurship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneurship - Research Paper Example Such a simplistic definition is not so all-encompassing as the true definition of the word; however, it helps provide the reader with a baseline of pre-conceived notions regarding the scope of understanding associated with entrepreneurship. As compared to a host of other types of jobs accessible to people, being an entrepreneur is unique in that it requires an individual with a host of natural, learned, and inborn talents to compete successfully in hostile marketplace. As such, the successful entrepreneur must embody self-discipline, timeliness, attention to detail, readiness to risk, calmness, and self sacrifice, just to name a few. Furthermore, it is incumbent on most entrepreneurs to be responsible for nearly every aspect of business management in the beginning stages of business start-up. As a result, the burdens associated with accounting, cash flow, marketing, support, product development, and market entry and expansion can often be too heavy a burden to bear for a single indiv idual, which often leads to eventual withdrawal of a business from the market before any recognizable profit potential is generated. Accordingly, the most dangerous stage of entrepreneurship is the uncertain outset, when cash flow has not been established, personnel have not been hired, and the kinds of product/service supply and demand have not yet been fully differentiated. However, although this analysis has briefly acquainted the reader with a very simplistic definition of entrepreneurship, the complicated paths, directions, and decisions associated with entrepreneurship are infinitely more complex than can be implied by a cursory definition of the term. For instance, one of the primary needs that an entrepreneur must address is which direction he/she wishes to take his/her growing firm in the future. Business owners or would-be business owners are often acutely aware that they wish to run their own business but often less aware of which form that business will take in order to generate profits and provide them stable employment. For instance, would-be entrepreneurs are often acutely unaware if they wish to pursue sole proprietorships, general partnerships, limited partnerships, regular corporations, S corporations, non-profit corporations, professional corporations, limited liability corporations, professional limited liability corporations, or partnership limited liability corporations. Each of these forms of incorporation has varying advantages and drawbacks; accordingly, each will be determined based on the type of business one is engaged in, how many overall partners may eventually be included, the size and scope of the business in its ideal form, as well as the amount of money the business is expected to generate in 1, 5, and 10 years time. On the overall level of difficulty, sole proprietorships are often the easiest to create and maintain. Because the business and the owner are essentially the same entity, decision-making comes down to a single per son without the need to consult boards, chairpersons, or shareholders (Freeman, 2007). Additionally, sole proprietorships also offer a degree of cost savings due to the fact that there are no fees associated with the creation of the business entity. However, the main disadvantage of this type of business is that the owner is directly and personally responsible for any losses, legal issues, and/or judgments. A second major drawback is the

Beethoven Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Beethoven - Essay Example Beethoven spent his teenage and young adult years studying music and composing many of his own works. In 1790, he met the famous musician of the time, Franz Joseph Haydn. In 1792, when he was twenty-two, Beethoven moved to Vienna to study music under Haydn. The age difference between the two men caused difficulties; Haydn, being sixty at the time, was more old-fashioned in both his music and his teaching, while Beethoven was more rebellious with his music. He did not like conforming to the limitations set down by musicians of the classical era, and Haydn was not as willing to let him experiment. After some time, Beethoven was accepted into the palace of Prince Lichnowsky, where he had more musical freedom; indeed, there were times when Beethoven did not even feel like playing. The prince allowed him these moments, eventually giving Beethoven his own quarters in the palace so that he could have the utmost independence. In the early years, Beethoven focused on writing only keyboard and chamber music pieces. As he continued to age and grow in his music, he began to experiment with other genres. Between the years of 1792 and 1802, Beethoven had his first performances and compositions of keyboard and chamber works. Between 1802 and 1812, Beethoven wrote six symphonies, four concertos, five string quartets, a opera, several orchestral overtures and numerous piano sonatas, as well as more chamber pieces (Yudkin, pg. 199). Beethoven also established his own personal music style, one that people would be in awe of for centuries to come. Unfortunately, aside from various music styles, Beethoven discovered something else in 1802: he was gradually going deaf. The majority of his best works took place as his hearing became increasingly worse. Unlike many other people, Beethoven refused to let this simple little flaw get in the way of what he loved the

Target Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Target Corporation - Essay Example The full name of the retail store known as Target is Target Corporation. This name came to be known in 1962. Target Corporation has a main headquarters located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The main headquarters is located right downtown. Other smaller offices are also located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The state of Arizona is home to the financial headquarters for Target Corporation. Target Corporation also has two banks that are located in Sioux Falls, North Dakota and Salt Lake City, Utah (Target2011). These many different headquarters allow for target to provide appropriate customer service and financing. Target Corporation was not always known as the Target that is today. The first Target store was opened in the 1900’s and named Good fellows. Good fellows produced dry goods. The store was located in downtown Minneapolis. It wasn’t long before the company became known as the Dayton Company. Later in the 1960’s the first Target store was opened. The store was loc ated in Roseville, Minnesota. The store quickly became popular and expanded to the now known Target Corporation. This rapid growth came from a strong founder. The founder of Target Corporation is George Dayton. George Dayton was born in 1857. George was born in New York. Throughout his career he stumbled upon a retail store that his bank had foreclosed on (Soylent Communications 2011). This business venture was the start of many other additions. George acquired more popular retail stores such as Mervyns, Hudson’s and Marshall Fields. These many retail mergers led to the current Target Corporation. These mergers also proved the strength that Target Corporation has. George’s determination allowed him to become a successful business man and build Target Corporation to what it is today. The original business of Target Corporation was a Dry Goods retail store. It wasn’t long before the Good Fellow Dry Good’s Company became known as one of the number one suppli ers of retail goods. Products originally sold were retail items like other department stores. Target Corporation sells various products. Products range from children’s clothing, canned goods, jewelry and electronics. Target Corporation is a one stop shop for popular products. Target Corporations owns a majority of manufacturing facilities that help keep the price of goods low. The Target Corporation has a history as many different companies. Target Corporation is responsible for the Merger of many popular retail chains. In 1956, Target Corporation was responsible for the very first shopping center that had two different shopping levels. This new shopping center became the new face of shopping centers in America. Soon after Target Corporations two story shopping center, many similar shopping centers such as malls were spreading throughout the country. The target store was the first of its kind. The Target store of 1962 was able to offer discounted retail items. Offering discou nted items made Target a popular retail chain. The 1960’s and 1970’s were huge decades for Target Corporation. During this time, there were large mergers and the announcement of Target Corporations entering into the stock market. Another merger with Marshall Field’s later took place in the 1990’s. This final merger allowed Target Corporation to become huge generating over $30 billion dollars (Target2011). The success of Target stores led to the sale of Marshall Field’

The social impact of television in the Hunger games and 1984 Essay

The social impact of television in the Hunger games and 1984 - Essay Example While the year had come and gone, this narrative was written timely. The novel gives an amazing and haunting vision of the world. The powers of this novel are beyond doubt as it holds the all the imaginations of many generations of readers. This paper looks at the social impact that television has had on this two stories and how the government uses media especially television to control the people. The media especially television serves us with a lot of information. But the question that you may ask is ‘how often do we think about the impact of this information on our thoughts and behaviors?’ while we may believe that it is good to be informed without persuasion, then to some degree we have been manipulated by television. There are many instances in which the use of television has impacted the Hunger Games which was written by Suzanne Collins. In order to explore the television and its effect on people in the Hunger Game, it is easy to look at Katniss Everdeen as she becomes a leader and champion by understanding the power of television. Her unpredictable degrees of awareness and the manipulation of the content that is televised perfectly shows how society reacts to this as well. It is no secret that media specifically television is all around us, which provide us with information at all times. In many times, we perceive them as purely educational or entertaining. We barely think of its impact on our opinions and behaviors. After all, most people are capable of differentiating fact from fiction and can be informed without persuasion, right? But the truth of the matter is the Hunger Games has been impacted by the television. The level of manipulation, will however depend on one’s understanding of media operates, specifically how television impacts viewers. In the Hunger Games, the capitol uses television to keep the citizens compliant. The impact of this has been seen mainly in terms of beliefs, politics and opinions.

Paleo-Diet Research Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paleo-Diet Project - Research Paper Example Refined foods can cause different diseases, i.e. cancer, obesity, diabetes, heart attacks, Parkinson’s, depression, Alzheimer’s, etc. Many scientist researches have proved that the paleo-diet is rich in Monounsaturated and Omega-3 fats to reduce the risk factors of cancer, diabetes, heart diseases, obesity, and the cognitive. Fruits and vegetables have rich vitamins extracts, antioxidants, minerals, etc. to decrease the disease spreading factors in the human body. The critiques of paleo-diet consider it as a nonsensical diet, which can become dangerous because of strict restricting patterns. An evolutionary biologist, Marlene Zuk wrote in the book â€Å"Palefantacy† that the myths of paleo-diet are not relevant to the movements of the common lifestyles. Some experts say that the concept of the paleo-diet is to ban junk foods. The arguments of some experts that they do not like the old patterns of foods rather that modern food recipe by having low calories to live an active life style (Jabar, 2013). Some food experts believe that paleo-diet is not all free from the restricted food items, so the concept of this dietary pattern is just like a folk. Expansion of the vegetarian agenda is also a critic point of the paleo-diet. Men are not conscious for eating only paleo-diet (Wolf, Debunking the Paleo Diet: A Wolf’s Eye View, 2013) . Robb Wolf stated that the Paleo-diet has become one the most favorite diets of Americans (Wolf, Debunking the Paleo Diet: A Wolf’s Eye View, 2013). In a conference of Frankfurt, a census was organized internationally to research for the healthy dietary pattern by many anthropologists, archaeologists, and the molecular biologist. They all agreed on the paleo-diet for a healthy lifestyle. The experts presented the nutritional framework based on human species that these species have not adopted the

Land Law Essay Example for Free

Land Law Essay Some of the essential requirements of easements are the presence of a dominant and a servient tenement. In general, dominant tenements are estates that are either fee simple or leasehold; moreover, easements cannot exist in gross or in the absence of a dominant tenement. Further, it is essential for an easement to bestow on the dominant tenement either a benefit or some form of accommodation. This makes it mandatory for the accrual of a tangible benefit to the dominant tenement. Consequently, the easement should make it possible for the dominant owner to utilize the dominant tenement to a greater extent and the benefit conferred must pertain to land. In addition, the dominant and servient tenements should be sufficiently proximate to each other. Moreover, the owner or occupant of the dominant and servient tenements should be different persons. Furthermore, such easement should be eligible to be made the subject matter of a grant by deed. Such a requirement further entails that the granted right is unambiguous, capable of adequately precise definition. In addition, such subject matter should be in concord with the nature of the easement, which in other words, connotes that the easement does not permit exclusive and unrestricted use of the land . Furthermore, the grantee must be competent, and not some indefinite entity. Such a grantee should possess an interest in the dominant tenement at the time of the grant. Moreover, a grantor who is competent to grant such a right should exist and while making the grant, the servient owner should possess an interest in the concerned tenement that is equal to or greater than the interest that devolves from the tenement. There are a few interests that exist in respect of the land bestowed on a land owner, which are conceded by the courts. In one important case, Hill v. Tupper , Pollack C B stated that â€Å"A new species of incorporeal hereditament cannot be created at the will and pleasure of the owner of property; but he must be content to accept the estate and the right to dispose of it subject to the law as settled by decisions or controlled by Act of Parliament† . Moreover, an easement should accommodate the dominant tenement. The right of easement provides a personal advantage; that is related to the land owned by that party. This right enhances the advantage of its enjoyment . There are four components that govern easement in order to accommodate dominant tenement. First, the right to easement requires an improvement in the position of the dominant tenement into an enhanced and convenient property instead of converting it into a personal advantage of the dominant owner. Second, the dominant and servient tenements need to be located proximally so that the easement provides a potential benefit to the dominant tenement. For instance, a track used for carts, which caters to the needs of the farmer and accommodates the farming activities of the farmer, could be located far away from the farm. Third, the users should be disconnected and fourth, there should not be any personal advantage. This had been established in the aforementioned case of Hill v Tupper, in which the owner of a canal leased the banks of the canal and the right to operate boats on the canal to the defendants. In this case the court held that the claimant had a personal interest and thus was precluded from defending against third party actions . Not every right that is granted in respect of land constitutes an easement. For instance, if one person gives another the right to cross his land, which is located at an appreciable distance from the other person’s land, then such a right is not an easement. This was clearly established in the Hill v. Tupper case, wherein the Basingstoke Canal owners extended exclusive rights to the plaintiff to hire boats that would be used for recreational purposes. This business of the plaintiff was jeopardized by the defendant who commenced to compete with him . Instead of filing a breach of contract against the owners of the Basingstoke Canal, the plaintiff, filed a case against the defendant pleading that the defendant was liable in nuisance to him. The Court of the Exchequer, which was hearing this case, expressed its lack of competency to generate, rights that were unrelated to the enjoyment of land and appropriate them to the land with the objective of forming a property in the grantee. However, the plaintiff did possess property that adjoined it . The reason for such a decision can be construed to be that the court was disinclined to permit a commercial benefit to be construed as an easement. This tendency of the courts is clearly established in the case of Moody v. Steggles. In this case an advertisement of a public house was displayed in the defendant’s adjoining land. The court held that the right under dispute pertained to the plaintiff’s business and therefore was unconnected to the right of easement. Thus the easement and the manner in which the land had been occupied were intimately connected . The court decided in the case of London and Blenheim Estates V Ladbrokeretail Parks that a tenement that was dominant had to be adequately identified as such and that it must be sufficiently described so as to render the easement binding on the servient tenement. The appellate court held that it was inadequate to merely grant the right to nominate unspecified land as constituting a dominant tenement in respect of an easement, in order to generate an interest in the land that would serve to bind successors in title to the servient tenement . It is essential for different persons to possess dominant and servient tenements, because an easement constitutes a right over somebody else’s property. Pollock CB, made the distinction between proprietary and personal rights, crystal clear when he opined that ‘A grantor may bind himself by covenant to allow any right he pleases over his property, but he cannot annex to it a new incident, so as to enable the grantee to sue in his own name for an infringement of such a limited right as that now claimed. The sum and substance of this statement is that a number of rights can be created that are governed by contract. Further, it is permissible for a leasehold tenant or a fee simple owner to grant easements. However, a tenant can do so only during the pendency of the lease. If these requirements are not fulfilled, then there is no easement, despite the possible existence of a restrictive covenant, license or lease. With the case of Hill v. Tupper it became evident that an easement must accommodate the dominant tenement. For an easement to be valid, it has to necessarily bestow some benefit on the land, rather than on the owner. In the Hill case the servient tenement was a waterway and lease granted to the claimant was in respect of some land that adjoined this canal. In addition, the claimant was exclusively permitted to make available pleasure luxury boats on this canal. The court however, held that the conduct of business on the servient tenement was insufficient to bestow an easement on the claimant and that it constituted nothing more than a license. Moreover, the court held that the claimant was making a blatant claim to ensure a commercial monopoly. Furthermore, the court decided that no easement could specify the exclusive use of a servient tenement in order to exclude other reasonable users . In Dyce v. Hay there was a claim that all the Queens subjects had the right to go at all times upon the†¦appellants property†¦for the purpose of recreation. It was held that There can be no prescriptive right in the nature of a servitude or easement so large as to preclude the ordinary uses of property by the owner of the lands affected . As per Lord St. Leonards, the class of servitudes and easements should change and widen in their applicability in accordance with the changes in society and the human condition . This opinion has to be interpreted, while bearing in the mind the maxim that English law does accord, with the exception of statute, recognition to an easement in its entirety. In other words easement should be restrictive. The judgment in the Dyce case makes it very clear that the judiciary was not disposed to expanding the category of easement in order to include rights that had not been recognized by the extant statute. In general some rights are not recognized by the courts as easements. These are a right to a view; a general right to loiter on some other person’s property and a right to shelter oneself from the elements with the help of neighbouring buildings. However, it was clearly demonstrated in the Dyce case that such a list of rights is not conclusive and could be expanded if so required. Although, the list of rights that could be construed to be easements cannot be enumerated, nevertheless, such rights should be similar to those rights that have been accorded the status of easements by law. However, the courts have been reluctant to permit new rights to be accorded the status of easements.

The Fiftieth Gate Essay Example for Free

The Fiftieth Gate Essay It is the interplay of both history and memory, which allows us to gain empathetic understanding of Truth. History is factual, and traditionally objective, yet is subject to bias and control. It cannot reveal the reality of human experience, as it relies on facts, lists and statistics; the need for memory arises. Memory is a composition of personal perspectives which can be deemed subjective, yet challenges history’s authority and rationalism. Combined, history and memory generate a powerful tool when assessing the past, as explored in Mark Baker’s ‘The Fiftieth Gate’. Baker uses deliberate selections of documents and personal accounts from his parents, with stylistic features and representational methods, to create a rounded understanding of the Holocaust. ‘The Sydney Jewish Museum’ similarly employs a range of representational methods and medians to present history and memory, in order to gain a complete understanding of the truth. History is evidently used as an important framework for events throughout ‘The Fiftieth Gate’, using fates and chronological order, â€Å"12th of December†. The use of dates validates memory within the text. History, on its own, is seen as not effective in determining the truth as it is written from a historians collaboration of documented evidence, which is unstructured. Connotations chaos and lack of direction are clear as Baker’s documents â€Å"lay strewn across the floor†¦ dismembered words†¦ bits and pieces† this is highlighting the need for deliberate selection of documented evidence. This bias, throughout ‘The Fiftieth Gate’, is emphasized as a historical document written by the Germans, who completely disregard the millions of murders of The ellipses following the conclusion of the poem ‘tell him that i† symbolizes an unfinished story and allows the responder to assume it is ambiguous in subject, relating to all Jews and the horrors experienced collectively. Such a portrayal of this idea of courage and survival depicted throughout a spiritual element of poetry (commonly referred to as ‘food for the soul’) cannot be depicted throughout only documented fact, as although the approximate number of survivors is known, this figure gives no insight into the immense struggle for life experienced by thousands.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Autoimmune Disorder

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Autoimmune Disorder AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS The immune system is an important system within the human body that defends against disease and internal malfunction. When there is an invader or a pathogen, the bodys immune system responds accordingly, usually destroying the pathogen before it can infect the body and cause illness. The immune system also helps identify malfunctioning cells and eliminates them before faulty DNA is replicated. Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system of a patient no longer identifies foreign versus self correctly. The immune system of a patient with an autoimmune disorder will attack the bodys cells or tissues causing damage or death. (Lettre Rioux, 2008). Autoimmune disorders can be genetically predisposed, but just because a patient is predisposed to a particular disorder does not mean they will necessarily experience it. Often times, autoimmune disorders occur through a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental factors. This means a patient may have a genetic predisposition for systemic lupus erythematosus but the disorder is triggered by an invading virus the patient encounters and only thereafter do they suffer from the symptoms of SLE. There are now 68 genetic precursors that are linked to the development of autoimmune disorders, while in the past only about 15 had been identified. Symptoms of autoimmune diseases vary depending on what part of the body the immune system is attacking (Understanding Autoimmune Diseases, 2016) (Lettre Rioux, 2008). Within the immune system there are several types of cells. B-cells and T-cells play key roles within the immune system and in autoimmune diseases. There are two types of T-cells, CD4 T-helper cells that identify an invader and make the antibody creating B-cells aware and CD8 cytotoxic T-cells which will destroy a previously encountered threat without stimulating the creation of antibodies by B-cells. CD4 T-cells are also known as regulatory T-cells (Treg cells). These Tregs play a role in preventing autoimmunity by maintaining the ability to identify self. When these cells no longer identify self properly or at all, an autoimmune disease occurs. When T-helper cells do not identify self-versus-foreign properly they stimulate B-cells to create antibodies to destroy the bodys tissues or cells, called autoantibodies, or the cytotoxic T-cells will destroy the tissue or cells of oneself. (Venes et al., 2005, pp. 132, 135, 203, 204) (Corthay, 2009) (Hampe, 2012). SLE or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is an autoimmune disease most commonly characterized by joint pain (arthralgia) and swelling (edema). SLE can also cause fatigue, mouth sores, sensitivity to sunlight, and butterfly rash across the cheeks and nose of the face, and hair loss. Other symptoms depend on where the body is being attacked by the immune system. For instance, if the immune system of a patient with SLE is attacking the heart of the patient an additional symptom of arrhythmia may be experienced. (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, 2016). Diagnosis of SLE can be difficult as it can be associated with varying symptoms. A test known as antinuclear antibody test (ANA) is used to help diagnose SLE. An antinuclear antibody is an antibody created by the patients immune system to attack the bodys tissues and cells. Some ANA tests are enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect florescent antibody (IFA). These tests examine how many antinuclear antibodies are present in a patients blood. ANA tests are used when the autoimmune disease may be affecting more than one area of the body; this is called a systemic autoimmune disease. Because SLE is systemic, an ANA test helps confirm that SLE is the diagnosis as opposed to rheumatoid arthritis. However, having a positive ANA test does not mean that a patient has SLE. SLE is often misdiagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis because they share common symptoms such as edema and arthralgia this is why doctors often use an assortment of other tests to diagnose SLE, along with a physi cal exam as four of the eleven common symptoms of SLE must be present before a patient can be diagnosed. Some of those common symptoms were listed above: butterfly rash across the face, joint pain, sensitivity to sunlight, hair loss, fatigue, and edema. (Antinuclear Antibody, 2017)(Starkebaum, 2016)(Bocco, 2017). Systemic Lupus Erythematosus can be treated but not cured. Because it is an autoimmune disease, SLE is treated with immunosuppressants. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an immunosuppressant that slows down the immune system and its attack on the bodys tissues and cells. HCQ was originally used in the treatment of malaria and is known as a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD). It is recommended that patients diagnosed with SLE immediately start a HCQ regiment as this drug help prevent further damage from the disease process. HCQ is usually used in chorus with other pain relief drugs because HCQ itself does not provide immediate pain relief. NSAIDS (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are often used in joint pain management for patients with SLE. Over time, HCQ will help relieve joint pain in SLE sufferers as well as help stop further damage to any other affected organs and joints. Corticosteroids are often also prescribed to those with SLE as joint pain is a prominent symptom of SLE. Corticosteroids mimic naturally produced strong anti-inflammatory substances within the body. However, treatments come with risk factors. In rare cases, HQC can cause retinopathy; retinopathy is when vision is altered or complete blindness occurs. Likewise, long term use of corticosteroids has adverse effects including: osteoporosis, hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), and cataracts. Dosage of corticosteroids are adjusted for long term use in patients with SLE to avoid these side effects and routine eye exams are done on those using HCQ to prevent retinopathy. (Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine), 2014) (Bartels, 2016) (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015). Systemic Lupus Erythematosus predominantly affects women. Research suggests this is due in part to estrogen. For every one man diagnosed with SLE, there are nine to twenty women diagnosed. Within the population of women who are at risk for SLE, women who are not white are at a higher risk for SLE as well as women under the age of 15 and over the age of 45. The discrepancy in race may have to do with the fact that colored females have higher recorded levels of estrogen than do white females.   Estrogen is thought to make women more susceptible to an autoimmune disease such as SLE because of its intracellular transcription ability to alter DNA. The effects of estrogen have also been studied holistically in association with the disease. Estrogen may encourage systemic inflammation in SLE and affect the severity of the disease and acute instances of it. Although estrogen has been identified as causing inflammation it has also been identified as prohibiting inflammation; thus meaning es trogen can act oppositely as it does in SLE in terms of another autoimmune disease. The discrepancy between the genders cannot completely be accounted for primarily with estrogen levels, however. Sex hormones are not the only determining factor for autoimmune diseases, others include; epigenetics, infections, genetics, and external environment. (Pierdominici Ortona, 2013, pp. 25-27) (Khan Ahmed, 2015) (Isherwood Witter, 2012) References Antinuclear Antibody (ANA). (2017, March 22). Retrieved March 23, 2017, from Lab Tests Online website: https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/ana/tab/test/ Bartels, C. M. (2016, September 19). Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Treatment and Management (H. S. Diamond, Ed.). Retrieved March 23, 2017, from Medscape website: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332244-treatment Bocco, D. (2017, January 3). The Difference Between Lupus and RA (N. Carteron, Ed.). Retrieved March 23, 2017, from Healthline website: http://www.healthline.com/health/lupus-and-ra#Overview1 Corthay, A. (2009, June 27). How do Regulatory T Cells Work? Retrieved March 22, 2017, from NCBI website: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784904/ Hampe, C. S. (2012, September 23). B Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Retrieved March 22, 2017, from Hindawi website: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/215308/ Hansen, M. S., Schuman, S. G. (2011, June). Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Retinal Toxicity. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from American Academy of Ophthamology website: https://www.aao.org/eyenet/article/hydroxychloroquine-induced-retinal-toxicity Isherwood, D., Witter, J. (2012, July 16). Lupus fact sheet (B. Diamond, Ed.). Retrieved March 24, 2017, from Womenshealth.gov website: https://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/lupus.html Khan, D., Ahmed, S. A. (2015, December 3). The Immune System Is a Natural Target for Estrogen Action: Opposing Effects of Estrogen in Two Prototypical Autoimmune Diseases. Retrieved March 24, 2017, from NCBI website: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4701921/ Mayo Clinic Staff. (2015, November 26). Prednisone and other corticosteroids. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from Mayo Clinic website: http://www.mayoclinic.org/steroids/art-20045692?pg=2 Pierdominici, M., Ortona, E. (2013). Estrogen Impact on Autoimmunity Onset and Progression: the Paradigm of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. International Trends in Immunity, 1(2), 24-34. Retrieved from http://researchpub.org/journal/iti/number/vol1-no2/vol1-no2-3.pdf Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine). (2014, February 10). Retrieved March 23, 2017, from Netdoctor website: http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/aches-and-pains/a7356/plaquenil-hydroxychloroquine/ Starkebaum, G. A. (2016, January 16). Systemic lupus erythematosus. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from MedlinePlus website: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000435.htm Understanding Autoimmune Diseases. (2016, March). Retrieved March 22, 2017, from National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases website: https://www.niams.nih.gov/%5C/Health_Info/Autoimmune/default.asp Venes, D., Biderman, A., Adler, E., Fenton, B. G., Enright, A. D., Patwell, J., . . . Wight, A.-A. (Eds.). (2005). Tabers Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary (20th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.

Telecommunications network at AMS :: essays research papers

Telecommunications network at AMS Businesses of today need more connectivity than ever. I am going to bring you a brief look into the telecommunications department of Alenia Marconi Systems. The phone system at AMS is what I would consider as your average phone and paging system. The network is setup, I believe, in a standard basic small business manner also. There is a server for email that is physically separate from the intranet and web server. AMS is a non aggressive facility when it comes to information technology. Businesses of today need more connectivity than ever. I am going to bring you a brief look into the telecommunications department of Alenia Marconi Systems. If you look hard you might even find one employee that is in charge of handling the details of the day to day information transfer, storage, and retrieval. Actually you need not look real hard, one extension is all you really need. The AMS Telecommunications department is as thin as they can possibly get away with. There are less than one hundred employees within the four walls of the company. Externally there are less than ten that need access to the internal system. Until recently, there was no IT department. The new IT division consists of one individual. Mainly, the equipment that needs to be attached to this system is an assortment of â€Å"antiques and hot rods† as they say. Some of the PC’s actually attached to the system are even using Windows 95 and the Microsoft Office equivalents. The phone system at AMS is what I would consider as your average phone and paging system. All of the phones have their own extension that can either be dialed as an extension or used as the last four numbers of the phone number. Within the network only the extension needs to be dialed with no previous number keying. I find this pretty handy when needing to contact other individuals within the company. Also, the equipment we test has multiple types of modems. Some of the baud rates we run them at are ranging everywhere from 8400 to 33600. The network is setup, I believe, in a standard basic small business manner also. There is a server for email that is physically separate from the intranet and web server. I would expect this should keep any stray viruses from getting into the intranet server via email. Plus the setup would make it more difficult for hacking because there is a double firewall with encrypted security.

The Byronic Hero Essay -- essays research papers

A hero proves his heroism when faced with opposition. He is shrewd, tough, clear-sighted, experienced, and able to handle adversity in a well equipped manner. However, unlike most heroes, the Byronic hero does not receive satisfaction simply from possessing these traits. The Byronic hero sees himself as an individual who practices non conformity. He is a hero of consciousness more than a hero of action. These qualities of the Byronic hero are demonstrated in Lord Byron’s description of Napoleon. Byron begins his description in Stanza 36. He points out that Napoleon is â€Å"Extreme in all things!† I believe that this trait means that the Byronic hero is neither to the left nor the right, but eternally caught in the middle of both worlds. Stanza 38 goes on to say, â€Å"Oh, more or less than man-in high or low, Battling with nations, flying from the field; Now making monarchs’ necks thy footstool, now More than they meanest soldier taught to yield; An empire thou couldest crush, command, rebuild, But govern not thy pettiest passion, nor, However deeply in men’s spirits skill’d, Look through thine own, nor curb the lust of war, Nor learn that tempted Fate will leave the loftiest star.† I believe that Lord Byron is saying that Napoleon can crush any nation, only to rebuild it again, and he can win any war, and have control over thousands of men. It is the war within himself that he has no control over, that he is not able to crush. Lines 339-342 are referring to the ... The Byronic Hero Essay -- essays research papers A hero proves his heroism when faced with opposition. He is shrewd, tough, clear-sighted, experienced, and able to handle adversity in a well equipped manner. However, unlike most heroes, the Byronic hero does not receive satisfaction simply from possessing these traits. The Byronic hero sees himself as an individual who practices non conformity. He is a hero of consciousness more than a hero of action. These qualities of the Byronic hero are demonstrated in Lord Byron’s description of Napoleon. Byron begins his description in Stanza 36. He points out that Napoleon is â€Å"Extreme in all things!† I believe that this trait means that the Byronic hero is neither to the left nor the right, but eternally caught in the middle of both worlds. Stanza 38 goes on to say, â€Å"Oh, more or less than man-in high or low, Battling with nations, flying from the field; Now making monarchs’ necks thy footstool, now More than they meanest soldier taught to yield; An empire thou couldest crush, command, rebuild, But govern not thy pettiest passion, nor, However deeply in men’s spirits skill’d, Look through thine own, nor curb the lust of war, Nor learn that tempted Fate will leave the loftiest star.† I believe that Lord Byron is saying that Napoleon can crush any nation, only to rebuild it again, and he can win any war, and have control over thousands of men. It is the war within himself that he has no control over, that he is not able to crush. Lines 339-342 are referring to the ...

NAMPEYO - Hopi Potter :: Essays Papers

NAMPEYO - Hopi Potter Nampeyo, the best potter of her time, helped revitalize the original form of Hopi pottery, Sikyatki. She developed her style from the traditional bowls, pots, jars, and water carriers of the Tewa and Walpi people, which were the tribes of her parents. Although, Hopi pottery had survived through many generations, it was beginning to disappear during Nampeyo's youth. Nampeyo was credited for bringing the dying form of Sikyatki pottery back to life. She helped rekindle the interest of Hopi pottery into the lives of the consumer and her contemporaries. At the time of Nampeyo's birth, Hopi pottery was indebted to the styles and designs of the Zuni people. The exact year or date of Nampeyo's birth is unknown, but thought to be between 1856 and 1860. In Hopi custom, the father's mother, grandmother names the baby. So, Nampeyo was originally named Tcu-mana or Snake Girl, but the Tewa people call her Nampeyo, which she is known as today. Nampeyo and Tcu-mana are identical in meaning. She had three brothers leaving her the only girl in her family. One of Nampeyo's brothers, Tom Polocca, would later play an influential role in helping her become discovered as an expert Hopi potter. It is unclear how and from who Nampeyo first learned the art of pottery. Two books on Nampeyo's pottery, Kramer's book Nampeyo and her pottery and Collins' book Nampeyo, Hopi Potter, had different beliefs on who introduced Nampeyo to pottery making. Collins' book says that Nampeyo learned the art of pottery from her grandmother. It goes on to say that when Nampeyo was younger she often went with her father to her grandmother's house where she sat and watched her make pottery until she was old enough to try it on her own. This would not be unlikely because the father still was a big part of his original family and village and visited there often, since he now lives with his wife's family. In Kramer's book, it is said that Nampeyo spent much time with her mother, from whom she learned the art of pottery making. At this time the Tewa people were the best known potters of the Hopi area. During her younger years she was only allowed to watch, but as she grew older her mother be gan letting her make pots on her own.

The Return: Nightfall Chapter 28

Matt had no idea what time it was, but it was deep dusk under the trees. He was lying sideways in Elena's new car, as if he'd been tossed in and forgotten. His entire body was in pain. This time he awoke and immediately thought, Elena. But he couldn't see the white of her camisole anywhere, and when he called, first softly, then shouting, he got no answer. So now he was feeling his way around the clearing, on hands and knees. Damon seemed to have gone and that gave him a spark of hope and courage that lit up his mind like a beacon. He found the discarded Pendleton shirt – considerably trampled. But when he couldn't find another soft warm body in the clearing, his heart crashed down somewhere around his boots. And then he remembered the Jaguar. He fumbled frantically in one pocket for the keys, came up empty, and finally discovered, inexplicably, that they were in the ignition. He lived through the agonizing moment when the car wouldn't start, and then was shocked to see the brightness of its headlights. He puzzled briefly about how to turn the car while making sure he wasn't running a limp Elena over, then dug through the glove compartment box, flinging out manuals and pairs of sunglasses. Ah, and one lapis lazuli ring. Someone was keeping a spare here, just in case. He put it on; it fit well enough. At last his fingers closed over a flashlight, and he was free to search the clearing as thoroughly as he wanted to. No Elena. No Ferrari either. Damon had taken her somewhere. All right, then, he would track them. To do that he had to leave Elena's car behind, but he had already seen what these monsters could do to cars, so that wasn't saying much. He would have to be careful with the flashlight, too. Who knew how much charge the batteries had left? For the hell of it, he tried calling Bonnie's mobile phone, and then her home phone, and then the boardinghouse. No signal, even though according to the phone itself, there should have been. No need to question why, either – this was the Old Wood, messing with things as usual. He didn't even ask himself why it was Bonnie's number he called first, when Meredith would probably be more sensible. He found the tracks of the Ferrari easily. Damon had sped out of here like a bat†¦Matt smiled grimly as he finished the sentence in his mind. And then he'd driven as if to get out of the Old Wood. This was easy, it was clear that either Damon had been going too fast for proper control or that Elena had been fighting, because in a number of places, mainly around corners, the tire tracks showed up clearly against the soft ground beside the road. Matt was especially careful not to step on anything that might be a clue. He might have to backtrack at some point. He was careful, too, to ignore the quiet noises of the night around him. He knew the malach were out there, but he refused to let himself think about them. And he never even asked himself why he was doing this, deliberately going into danger instead of retreating from it, instead of trying to drive the Jaguar out of the Old Wood. After all, Stefan hadn't left him as bodyguard. But then you couldn't trust anything that Damon might say, he thought. And besides – well, he'd always kept one eye out for Elena, even before their first date. He might be clumsy, slow, and weak in comparison to their enemies now, but he would always try. It was pitch-dark now. The last remnants of twilight had left the sky, and if Matt looked up he could see clouds and stars – with trees leaning in ominously from either side. He was getting toward the end of the road. The Dunstans' house should be coming up on the right pretty soon. He'd ask them if they'd seen – Blood. At first his mind flew to ridiculous alternatives, like dark red paint. But his flashlight had caught reddish brown stains on the roadside just as the road made a sharp curve. That wasblood on the road there. And not just a little blood. Being careful to walk well around the red-brown marks, running his flashlight over and over the far side of the road, Matt began to put together what must have happened. Elena had jumped. Either that or Damon had pushed her out of a speeding car – and after all the trouble he'd taken to get her, that didn't make much sense. Of course, he might have already bled her until he was satisfied – Matt's fingers went up to his sore neck instinctively – but then, why take her in the car at all? To kill her by pushing her out? A stupid way to do it, but maybe Damon had been counting on his little pets to take care of the body. Possible, but not very likely. Whatwas likely? Well, the Dunstans' house was coming up on this side of the road, but you couldn't see it from here. And it would be just like Elena to jump out of a speeding car as it rounded a sharp corner. It would take brains, and guts, and a breathtaking trust in sheer luck that it wouldn't kill her. Matt's flashlight slowly traced the devastation of a long hedge of rhododendron bushes just off the road. My God, that's what she did. Yeah. She jumped out and tried to roll. Jeez, she was lucky not to break her neck. But she kept rolling, grabbing at roots and creepers to stop herself. That's why they're all torn up. A bubble of elation was rising in Matt. He was doing it. He was tracking Elena. He could see her fall as clearly as if he'd been there. But then she got flipped by that tree root, he thought as he continued to follow her trail. That would have hurt. And she'd slammed down and rolled on the concrete for a bit – that must have been agony; she'd left a lot of blood here, and then back into the bushes. And then what? The rhododendron showed no more signs of her fall. What had happened here? Had Damon reversed the Ferrari fast enough and gotten her back? No, Matt decided, examining the earth carefully. There was only one set of footprints here, and it was Elena's. Elena had gotten up here – only to fall down again, probably from injury. And then she'd managed to get up again, but the marks were weird, a normal footprint on one side and a deep but small indentation on the other. A crutch. She found herself a crutch. Yeah, and that dragging mark was the mark of her bad foot. She walked up to this tree, and then around it – or hopped, actually, that's what it looked like. And then she'd headed for the Dunstans'. Smart girl. She was probably unrecognizable by now, and anyway, who cared if they noticed the resemblance between her and the late, great Elena Gilbert? She could be Elena's cousin from Philadelphia. So she'd gone, one, two, three†¦eight steps – and there was the Dunstan house. Matt could see lights. Matt could smell horses. Excitedly, he ran the rest of the way – taking a few falls that didn't do his aching body any good, but still heading straight for the back porch light. The Dunstans weren't front porch people. When he got to the door, he pounded on it almost frenziedly. He'd found her. He'd found Elena! It seemed a long time before the door opened a crack. Matt automatically wedged his foot in the crack while thinking, Yes, good, you're cautious people. Not the type to let a vampire in after you'd just seen a girl covered in blood. â€Å"Yes? What do you want?† â€Å"It's me, Matt Honeycutt,† he said to the eye that he could see peering out of the slit of open door. â€Å"I've come for El – for the girl.† â€Å"What girl are you talking about?† the voice said gruffly. â€Å"Look, you don't have to worry. It's me – Jake knows me from school. And Kristin knows me, too. I've come to help.† Something in the sincerity of his voice seemed to strike a chord in the person behind the door. It was opened to reveal a large, dark-haired man who was wearing an under-shirt and needed a shave. Behind him, in the living room was a tall, thin, almost gaunt woman. She looked as if she had been crying. Behind both of them was Jake, who'd been a year senior to Matt at Robert E. Lee High. â€Å"Jake,† Matt said. But he got no answer back except a dull look of anguish. â€Å"What's wrong?†Matt demanded, terrified. â€Å"A girl came by here a while ago – she was hurt – but – but – you let her in, right?† â€Å"No girl's come by here,† said Mr. Dunstan flatly. â€Å"She had to have. I followed her trail – she left a trail inblood , do you understand, almost up to your door .† Matt wasn't letting himself think. Somehow, if he kept telling the facts loudly enough, they would produce Elena. â€Å"More trouble,† Jake said, but in a dull voice that went with his expression. Mrs. Dunstan seemed the most sympathetic. â€Å"We heard a voice out in the night, but when we looked, there was no one there. And we have troubles of our own.† It was then, right on cue, that Kristin burst into the room. Matt stared at her with a feeling of d ¦j vu. She was dressed up something like Tami Bryce. She had cut off the bottoms of her jeans shorts until they were practically nonexistent. On top she was wearing a bikini top, but with – Matt hastily turned his eyes away – two big round holes cut just where Tami had had round pieces of cardboard. And she'd decorated herself with glitter glue. God! She's only, what, twelve? Thirteen? How could she possibly be acting this way? But the next moment, his whole body was vibrating in shock. Kristin had pasted herself against him and was cooing, â€Å"Matt Honey-butt! You came to see me!† Matt breathed carefully to get over his shock.Matt Honey-butt . She couldn't know that. She didn't even go to the same school as Tami did. Why would Tami have called her and – told her something like that? He shook his head, as if to clear it. Then he looked at Mrs. Dunstan, who had seemed kindest. â€Å"Can I use your phone?† he asked. â€Å"I need – Ireally need to make a couple of calls.† â€Å"The phone's been down since yesterday,† Mr. Dunstan said harshly. He didn't try to move Kristin away from Matt, which was odd because he was clearly angry. â€Å"Probably a fallen tree. And you know mobile phones don't work out here.† â€Å"But – † Matt's mind spun into overdrive. â€Å"You really mean that no teenage girl came up to your house asking for help? A girl with blond hair and blue eyes? I swear, I'm not the one who hurt her. I swear I want to help her.† â€Å"Matt Honey-butt? I'm making a tattoo, just for you.† Still pressed up behind him, Kristin extended her left arm. Matt stared at it, horrified. She had obviously used needles or a pin to prick holes in her left forearm, and then opened a fountain pen's cartridge of ink to supply the dark blue color. It was your basic prison-type tattoo, done by a child. The straggling letters M A T were already visible, along with a smudge of ink that was probably going to be another T. No wonder they weren't thrilled about letting me in, Matt thought, dazed. Now Kristin had both arms around his waist, making it hard to breathe. She was on tiptoe, talking to him, whispering rapidly some of the obscene things Tami had said. He stared at Mrs. Dunstan. â€Å"Honest, I haven't even seen Kristin for – it must be nearly a year. We had an end of the year carnival, and Kristin helped with the pony rides, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mrs. Dunstan was nodding slowly. â€Å"It's not your fault. She's been acting the same way with Jake. Her own brother. And with – with her father. But I'm tellingyou the truth; we haven't seen any other girl. No one but you has come to the door today.† â€Å"Okay.† Matt's eyes were watering. His brain, attuned first of all to his own survival, was telling him to save his breath, not to argue. Telling him to say, â€Å"Kristin – I really can't breathe – â€Å" â€Å"But Ilove you, Matt Honey-butt. I don't want you toever leave me. Especially for that old whore. That old whore with worms in her eye-sockets†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Again Matt felt the sense of the world rocking. But he couldn't gasp. He didn't have the air. Pop-eyed, he turned helplessly toward Mr. Dunstan, who was closest. â€Å"Can't – breathe – â€Å" How could a thirteen-year-old be so strong? It was taking both Mr. Dunstan and Jake to pry her off him. No, even that wasn't working. He was beginning to see a gray network pulsating before his eyes. He needed air. There was a sharp crack that ended with a meaty sound. And then another. Suddenly he could breathe again. â€Å"No, Jacob! No more!† Mrs. Dunstan cried. â€Å"She let him go – don't hit her anymore!† When Matt's vision cleared, Mr. Dunstan was doing up his belt. Kristin was wailing, â€Å"Just youwaaa -hate! Just youwaa-haate! You'll besor- ry!† Then she rushed from the room. â€Å"I don't know if this helps or makes it worse,† Matt said when he'd gotten his breath back, â€Å"but Kristin isn't the only girl acting this way. There's at least one other one in the town – â€Å" â€Å"All I care about is my Kristin,† Mrs. Dunstan said. â€Å"And that†¦thingisn't her.† Matt nodded. But there was something he needed to do now. He had to find Elena. â€Å"If a blond girl does come to the door and asks for help, will you please let her in?† he asked Mrs. Dunstan. â€Å"Please? But don't let any guys in – not even me if you don't want,† he blurted. For a moment his eyes and Mrs. Dunstan's eyes met, and he felt a connection. Then she nodded and hastened to get him out of the house. All right, Matt thought. Elena was headed for here, but she didn't quite get here. So look at the signs. He looked. And what the signs showed him was that, within a few feet of the Dunstan property, she had inexplicably turned sharply right, deeply into the forest. Why? Had something scared her? Or had she – Matt felt sick to his stomach – somehow been tricked into hobbling on and on, until at last she left all human help behind? All he could do was to follow her into the woods.

Business ethics and CSR

In the past time, the majority of enterprises regarded business ethics as internal regulations to comply with the rules of legal standards(Trevino and Nelson, 2010). However, the condition changes in modern times. Business ethics is more and more important to identify what it is right or wrong during the process of working or trading and so on(Wheelen and Hunger, 2011), which is closely related to the interests of stakeholders.Under the background, many companies recognize that they have to obtain more respect and trust of their consumers so as to be successful. As result, organizations pay increasing attention to their behaviors and corporate social responsibility (CSR) become a business principle for marketing behaviors with the increased public awareness about the role of enterprises in assisting to promote and practice business ethics in society and environment.In order to have a better understanding of business ethics and CSR, this report is going to logically identify business ethics and critically assessing its effect on an organization, identifying CSR and analyzing the lessons of the News Corporation scandal and the importance of CSR and then discussing the leadership during the process of promoting business ethics and CSR. Question 1: identifying business ethics and critically evaluating its effect on an organization 1. 1Identifying business ethicsCase and Smith (2012) commented that free market system cannot guarantee the efficiency, and an efficient free market economic system need enterprises with honesty, integrity, fairness, justice and other ethics to operate the market in addition to a valid property right and the legal system. The comment perfectly demonstrates the necessity and importance of business ethics in market, although it does not make enough introductions about the features of ethics. In their opinion, business ethics refers to moral principles which are used to regulate the behaviors of a business.In other words, Case and Smith admi tted that the same rules or regulations that distinguish the right or wrong of individual behaviors can also be applied to enterprises. This point explains the guidance of business ethics, which promotes corporations to pay more attention to the use of copyright, environmental issues and bribery. However, Case and Smith just cared about the enterprise itself and did not make an explanation about the relationship between corporations and stakeholders in the concept of business ethics.According to Lusch and Webster (2010), every company is not alone, and stakeholder analysis is important for the practices of business ethics during the process of operation and provides more useful information for perfecting business ethics in different markets. They considered that enterprises depend on employees, government, media, customers and business clients and so on (Lusch and Webster, 2010), so business ethics aims at working out a balance among all those factors and then making them serves cor porate objectives.It can be said that Lusch and Webster explained the affecting factors of business ethics and put forward a broader illustration, which is beneficial for corporations to regulate ethically in all aspects. But this report agrees that it is better to combine the views of Case and Lusch et al. as to the illustration of business ethics. From this point of view, this report considers business ethics is a moral principle to deal with the relationship among stakeholders. According to the above literature review, it is obvious that business ethics focuses on the moral standards of corporate policies and behaviors and the effect on stakeholders.It can be said the most significant points of business ethics refer to identifying reasonable business actions, balancing stakeholder interests, increasing corporate values and building accountability within the organization. From this point of view, business ethics is a performance of applied ethics in essence. 1. 2 Critically evalua ting the effect of business ethics on an organization Business ethics is regarded as an important factor that affecting corporate performance, so it is necessary to evaluate its influence on an organization.But it needs to be pointed out that business ethics also has positive and negative effect(Carroll and Shabana, 2010). On the first place, business ethics is beneficial for organizations to build distinct competence(Pearce and Doh, 2012). For example, as the hotel industry giant, the Hilton has developed rapidly since its inception in 1928 and its branch offices are spread all over the world(Hill, 2011). On the issue of the development of the Hilton, it is inevitable to mention the hotel's internal culture and requirements â€Å"Today are you smiling yet?†Hilton Hotel strongly embodies the â€Å"customer is God† and â€Å"home away from home† principle in facilities and services, internal culture and good business ethics make customers experience the â€Å"ho me†, which won the majority of customers; meanwhile the hotel becomes more competitive and corporate profits grow year after year. On the second place, it can protect the interests of stakeholders(Orts and Strudler, 2009). Business ethics, as a corporate soft power, reflects in all aspects of business, especially in the quality of products and services quality.According to the Haier Group's success and Sanlu milk powder incident(Bouee, 2010), lack of business ethics hurts stakeholders and corporate brand value is also enormously impacted. On the third place, good application to business ethics increases corporate scores to explore foreign market(Kolk and Van Tulder, 2010). In modern times, business ethics has become one of the most important parts for international business. In other words, the international market needs ethical companies. From this point of view, unsaturated international market gives priority to enterprises that have a good record for business ethics.Just as Haier, it tried its best to protect the interests of customers and then it was favored by the international market. In addition, business ethics is beneficial to influence the behaviors and words of leaders and then cultivate ethical leadership owing to the formation of a good working environment. However, there are also some negative influences for business ethics. For one thing, business ethics puts forward a high demand for corporate capability(Carroll and Shabana, 2010). On one hand, the application of business ethics needs the support of adequate capitals.In the short-term, business ethics may increase the total cost of organizations. On the other hand, business ethics can be different in different countries, so the organization needs excellent adaptability. For another, business ethic may bring about capital risks for companies that have weak financial basis(Skouloudis et al. , 2010). The application to business ethic needs adequate financial support, so the ethics may threat en the operations of businesses when the corporate is lack of capitals.Question 2: analyzing the lessons of the News Corporation scandal and the importance of CSR 2.1 analyzing the lessons of the News Corporation scandal The News Corporation is one of the world's largest media groups, and one of the world’s largest and most international integrated media companies(Yoon, 2013). On July 15, 2011, the British â€Å"Daily Mirror† quoted the news of an anonymous New York police officer, and said News Corp. ’s â€Å"World News† reporter tried to bride their telephone information of 9. 11 victims and tap their voicemail(Lewis, 2012). Facing strong public pressure, the News Corp was forced to shut down â€Å"News of the World.†In order to grab the exclusive news, the News Corp took a lot of â€Å"extraordinary measures† and then lost more. The News Corporation scandal brings about many lessons for corporate management. In the first place, it is nece ssary to strengthen media self-regulation and professional ethics to further strengthen the social responsibility and professionalism. Wiretapping scandal stems from interests and competition-driven within the Western media(Simons, 2013), in order to expand distribution and increase influence, they even broken professional ethics and social moral bottom line.As a result, they would pay their actions. In the second place, corporates should behave within laws and ethical regulations. The eavesdropping behavior of â€Å"World News† not only violates the self-regulatory codes of British newspaper industry, but also apparently breaks down the law and human rights. It is crazy to pursuit irritating news regardless of the limitation of law and moral constraints, finally embarking on a dead end. Thus, the â€Å"great† is not self-appointed, and â€Å"press freedom† beyond legal and moral is shameful(Sharma, 2009).In the third place, the News Corporation scandal motivate s other organizations to pay more attention to CSR instead of just thinking of profit. In order to absorb in as many customers as possible, the News Corp ignored the original target of media corporations and took all actions to obtain explorative news regardless of the interest of its stakeholders. The organization is not alone in society, and it needs to undertake the theme of serving people. Only in this way, can it become popular and successful.Just like IKEA, Novo Nordisk and other organizations, they prefer to work out a CSR policy after a media scandal(Jiraporn et al. , 2013). 2. 2 analyzing the importance of CSR Firstly, CSR is important for corporate financial performance according to the News Corp scandal(Inoue and Lee, 2011). Just as Inoue and Lee (2011) said, CSR is a tool to increase corporate long-term profits through a little increase of cost in short-term. They emphasized the long-term benefits of CSR and excessive attention to short-term profits may lead to a failure .For example, the profits of the News Corp dropped sharply after eavesdropping behavior. In contrary, the event â€Å"smashing refrigerator† of Haier won the trust and support of customers, got a better reputation and more performance, although it increased the total cost in a period at some degree. Thus, CSR is meaningful to improve corporate core competitiveness, inspire staff to be more enthusiastic and creative and attract more financial institutions to provide funds, thus contributing to the long-term business performance of enterprises.Secondly, the application of CSR is closely related to corporate sustainability(Choi et al. , 2010). Just as Gomez-Haro et al. (2011) once said, CSR is a standard for an organization to measure the influence of corporate decisions and activities on society and natural environment. They emphasized that strategic CSR is important for an organization to obtain the dominate power to occupy marketplace and develop a sustainable future. Their v iews stress the relationship between CSR and sustainability, and explain the value of CSR during the process of operation, except that it did not point out the focus of CSR.In the economic system of high globalization, during the pursuit of business performance, environmental pollution, product quality, labor safety and other issues has been unable to be separated from enterprises(Tan-Mullins and Mohan, 2013). According to the News Corp scandal, it is obvious that stakeholder interests cannot be ignored and CSR has become the main trend of business continuity. Undertaking social responsibility for stakeholders, enterprises can set up a good corporate image except for enhancing cohesion and core competitiveness, thus ensuring the sustainable development of enterprises.Major food safety accidents of Melamine, excessive odor emissions of Michelin tire factory(Cobert, 2009), Foxconn sweatshops event(Watch, 2010) and so on all prove the importance of CSR to corporate sustainability. Thir dly, CSR is valuable to balance the relationship between economic development and social harmony(Carroll and Shabana, 2010). Smith (2010) said all businesses should aim at giving back to those who make corporate objectives come true. In his opinion, CSR is a performance to return the community through volunteerism or sponsorships or other causes.What corporations do should comply with the situation of community; only in this way can corporations be sustainable and successful. In other words, CSR pays much attention to common progress, and persists to keep the consistency between economic development and social harmony. The News Corp excessively emphasized economic profits and ignored the demands of social development, and then it paid. In contrast, as a company equipped with a strong sense of social responsibility, Motorola stressed the company's positive interaction with their environment(Blocker et al., 2011), which gains high assessment of the international community.Question 3: discussing the leadership during the process of promoting business ethics and CSR Following the News Corporate scandal and other business scandals, the society has upgraded the standards for corporates that expect to establish great power. Just as Qualman (2012) once said, businesses have to work with transparency in order to obtain long-term activities from consumers and attention to the consistency of corporate words and behaviors should be stressed.Therefore, ethical leadership must be emphasized during the process of promoting business ethics and CSR(Becker, 2013). It is necessary to point out that ethical leadership is a â€Å"soft† leadership and it focuses on making use of reasonable amount of authority in every condition to solve issues(O'Toole and Mayer, 2013). Ethical leadership is beneficial to cultivate great corporate culture, and put the principles of business ethics and CSR into corporate environment(Sheldon and Park, 2011), which makes employees feel the value of ethics and CSR at anywhere.From the point of ethical leadership, leaders need to regulate themselves according to ethics and then influence others to follow the regulations of ethics and CSR. Business ethics, ethical leadership and CSR should become inseparable concepts during leader’s management(Ardichvili and Jondle, 2012). Corporate leaders have both external effect and internal effect, so how they behave is closely related with the interests of consumers, employees, suppliers, government and other stakeholders.Protection for stakeholders is an important standard to judge the attention of a company to business ethics and CSR, which also proves the value of ethical leadership when promoting ethics and CSR. What’s more, appropriate social responsibility orientation of leaders makes great contribution to fulfilling business ethics and CSR(Sharma et al. , 2011), so it is necessary to display the value of social responsibility orientation during the process of promot ing business ethics and CSR.In other words, leaders have to regulate their social responsibility orientation in leadership framework and make use of this orientation to promote business ethics and CSR(Crittenden et al. , 2011). Wheelen and Hunger (2010) considered that, as the firm's major decision-makers, business leaders have more opportunities for businesses to determine the tone of business ethics, the degree of fulfillment of CSR has a great relationship with the value orientation of business leaders. From this point of view, leaders have to try their best to comply their social responsibility orientation with the regulations of business ethics and CSR.In addition, leaders should provide guidance for important corporate actions and make all operations suitable to business ethics and CSR so as to gain more support and expand the influence of business ethics and CSR(Brunk, 2010). Conclusion According to the above analysis to business ethics, CSR and leadership, it is obvious that business ethics is quite valuable for expanding its fame, absorbing in more consumers and exploring foreign markets and so on, but it needs to be pointed that it may increases the total cost in short-term and bring about capital risks sometimes.It is also apparent that CSR is meaningful for corporate financial performance, sustainability and the relationship between economic development and environmental protection. In addition, leadership plays an indispensable role in promoting business ethics and CSR, but it may also ruin corporate ethics and CSR owing to unreasonable utilization to ethical leadership. Therefore, it can be concluded that business ethics and leadership should be paid attention and appropriate ethical leadership should display its guidance role.In our company, there are a lot of employees and factories that produce tires. It is known that rubber releases bad gas and factories discharge polluted water, which both damages the health of workers and environment. Under this background, if the health of workers is cared and strict regulations are worked out for pollution, our company will get more support from workers and the society. Recommendation After theoretic analysis, it is necessary to provide some realistic and feasible recommendations. On one hand, business ethics and CSR should be taken into strategic management.When working out some economic policies or strategic plans, companies should consider whether the policy or plan hurts the interest of stakeholders, damage natural principles and excessively emphasizes economic target regardless of social development or not. On the other hand, establish a monitoring and evaluation mechanism is recommended in the leadership team. This system is mainly used to supervise leaders’ actions and regulars assess their behaviors according to corporate ethics and CSR so as to strengthen ethical leadership. (Word accounts: 2699 words)